The therapeutic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in the treatment of diabetes and obesity have been well established. Recent studies have also uncovered their potential for neuroprotection. GLP-1 receptors are widely distributed in key brain regions such as the hypothalamus and hippocampus, and GLP-1RAs can cross the blood-brain barrier. By modulating neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function, they may slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This paper reviews the latest domestic and international literature, focusing on the neuroprotective mechanisms of GLP-1RAs and exploring their potential applications in central nervous system diseases.