Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are one of the common postoperative complications, which may lead to prolonged hospital stay, increased mortality and increased medical expenditure for patients undergoing surgery . Identifying the risk factors of PPCs in patients is the basis for targeted intervention measures. At present, PPC is still an important cause of harm to the prognosis of patients under the background of widespread application of lung protective ventilation. There are many risk factors for PPCs. This article discusses the perioperative non-ventilation related risk factors from three aspects: patient factors, surgical and postoperative management factors, and anesthesia and postoperative analgesia factors, so as to provide basis for reducing the incidence of PPCs in surgical patients and taking targeted intervention measures.