Intraoperative hypotension (IOH) may increase the risk of inadequate cerebral perfusion in patients. However, due to the lack of standardized definitions and quantification, the relationship between IOH and postoperative neurological dysfunctions, such as perioperative stroke and perioperative neurocognitive disorder, remains unclear. This article reviews the mechanisms underlying IOH, examines recent studies on the impact of IOH on postoperative brain function in non-cardiac surgery patients, and explores management strategies for IOH as an intervenable risk factor, aiming to optimize perioperative hemodynamic management.