Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is characterized by impaired diastolic relaxation and reduced compliance, leading to compromised left ventricular filling, elevated end-diastolic pressure, and potential myocardial remodeling. As the population ages and the wide use of point-of-care echocardiography, an increasing number of studies have established a significant correlation between LVDD and adverse perioperative outcomes. This review aims to elucidate the definition, pathophysiological characteristics, epidemiology, and diagnostic grading of LVDD. Additionally, it provides insights and recommendations for preoperative assessment, intraoperative anesthesia management, and prevention of postoperative complications. The goal is to furnish both a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for perioperative anesthesia management in non-cardiac surgical patients with LVDD.