In cellular life processes, metabolic regulation spans the entirety of life reactions. Glucose metabolism holds a central role in cellular energy metabolism. Reprogramming of glucose metabolism can occur in various cell types, notably in immune cells such as macrophages, which are essential in the immune system. Under different microenvironmental stimuli, macrophages polarize into two subgroups: M1-type macrophages and M2-type macrophages. M1 macrophages depend on cytoplasmic glycolysis, whereas M2 macrophages use mitochondrial metabolism to sustain cell function, playing distinct roles in the innate immune response. This review discusses the processes and mechanisms of glucose metabolism reprogramming in different macrophage phenotypes and summarizes its application in modulating macrophage polarization in diseases, aiming to provide insights for the treatment of related conditions.