Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy. The American Diabetes Association defines gestational diabetes as the onset or first detection of glucose intolerance during pregnancy (usually around the 24th week)，characterized by impaired glucose tolerance that normalizes after childbirth and diabetes mellitus that was not diagnosed prior to pregnancy or that occurred concurrently with pregnancy. The fetal environment of maternal diabetes is primarily characterized by hyperglycemia, chronic hypoxia, and iron deficiency， such changes in blood glucose may affect fetal neurodevelopment and has a great impact on the recognition of offspring. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the effects of GDM on the cognitive function of offspring. From the perspectives of clinical trials, lab experiments, modeling and mechanisms, this paper focuses on the research status of the effects of GDM on offspring cognitive function.