In recent years, the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has been widely applied in clinical practice, revolutionizing the traditional approach of long fasting periods before and after surgery. By optimizing the duration of preoperative and postoperative fasting, patient stress levels can be significantly reduced, thereby decreasing postoperative complications and promoting rapid recovery. This review focuses on the latest advancements in perioperative fasting and fluid intake research. It outlines new perspectives and implementation strategies for shortening preoperative and postoperative fasting and drinking times within the ERAS framework, as well as their safety and effectiveness in clinical practice. The aim is to provide scientific evidence and references for clinical practice and further research.