With the increasing demand for the accuracy of anesthesia management in clinical surgery, the drawbacks of low specificity and sensitivity of traditional anesthesia monitoring methods, which are based on the patients' non‑specific responses to pain，are gradually exposed. Index of consciousness (IoC)‑based anesthesia monitoring is a novel monitoring system that allows for simultaneous monitoring of the depth of anesthesia sedation and analgesia, and contains two indices within the system‑the electroencephalogram index of consciousness (IoC1) and the injury sensitivity index (IoC2). This paper will briefly introduces the basic principle of this monitoring system, compares the advantages and disadvantages of these two indices compared with other anesthesia depth monitoring indices, and describes in detail the clinical application of the current IoC monitoring equipment as well as the related interference factors.