Sepsis is a global health issue that poses a serious threat to human health, with high incidence and mortality rates. Despite decades of research, there is still no specific and effective therapeutic agent for sepsis. In recent years, basic and clinical research has suggested that cell therapy holds certain translational potential in the treatment of sepsis. This article reviews the different types of immune cells and their functional characteristics, with a focus on analyzing the current status and development trends of cell therapy in sepsis treatment. It provides a detailed introduction to the mechanisms of various immune cells in sepsis, and explores the potential and clinical progress of cell therapies, including cell expansion and gene editing technologies in sepsis treatment. This article aims to provide cutting‑edge information to improve the prognosis of sepsis patients and offer a scientific basis for future research directions and therapeutic strategies.