Intercostal nerve block is a commonly used technique for anesthesia and pain management during thoracic and abdominal surgery. In recent years, ultrasound guidance has become increasingly used in clinical settings due to its unique advantages of safety, real‑time and dynamic detection, and visualization, which promotes the development of intercostal nerve block. At present, the application of ultrasound‑guided intercostal nerve block and anterior cutaneous branch of the block emerges in clinical practice. This article mainly reviews the current research on ultrasound‑guided intercostal nerve block at home and aboard, the anatomical basis of intercostal nerves, the clinical application range of ultrasound‑guided intercostal nerve block, the dosages of local anesthetics, complications and contraindications, and specific surgical techniques for each different approach. These findings will provide reference for clinical anesthesia and pain diagnosis and treatment.