In recent years, the incidence of perioperative stroke in China has been increasing, which seriously affects the prognosis among patients. Therefore, it has attracted more and more attention from clinicians, especially anesthesiologists, and effective preoperative prevention is the key to influencing the prognosis of patients. This review summarizes the research advances in its definition, etiology and risk factors, preventive measures, intraoperative management, diagnosis, and early treatment. It aims to provide some references for anesthesiologists to comprehensively understand the concept and etiological factors and grasp the perioperative stroke's perioperative prevention and anesthesia management principles. It also provides a connection for preliminary diagnosis and treatment of suspected stroke during and after an operation.