As a common problem during general anesthesia, perioperative atelectasis is always neglected due to the lack of obvious clinical symptoms and examination methods. Atelectasis may lead to severe pulmonary complications. Consequently, it is important to recognize and deal with in time. Lung ultrasound can be used to evaluate and diagnose perioperative changes of the respiratory tract. Therefore, we will discuss the progress on the evaluation of perioperative atelectasis, the monitoring of ventilation function and the implement of protective pulmonary ventilation using lung ultrasound in this paper.